RRS | Lecture 5
RRS | Lecture 5
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Quiz Questions (15 questions)
1. The cervical pleura involves the parietal pleura extending into the neck, lining the under surface of the suprapleural membrane, and is related posteriorly to the neck of the first rib. It is not supplied by autonomic nerves.
2. The right lung is characterized by having three lobes, two fissures, and being larger but shorter than the left lung. It does not have eight segments.
3. The root of the right lung includes one pulmonary artery, two pulmonary veins, lymph vessels, and the eparterial bronchus. It does not include two bronchial arteries.
4. The left lung has two lobes, a lingula, a cardiac notch, and is related to the esophagus. It is not related to the superior vena cava.
5. The phrenic nerves provide motor supply to the diaphragm and sensory supply to the parietal pericardium and the central region of the diaphragm. They do not supply the visceral pleura.
6. The right phrenic nerve runs along the right side of the pericardium, descends in front of the root of the right lung, and passes along the inferior vena cava to the diaphragm. Its terminal branches do not pass through the esophageal opening.
7. At the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into the right and left main bronchi.
8. The lymph drainage of the lungs involves superficial and deep plexuses, with the deep lymph plexus traveling along bronchi and pulmonary vessels. All lymph does not originate from both plexuses.
9. Bronchial arteries supply the bronchi and connective tissues of the lungs and arise from the thoracic aorta. They do not supply the parietal pleura.
10. A broncho-pulmonary segment is a pyramidal subdivision of a lung lobe with its own segmental bronchus and artery. It is surrounded by connective tissue, not parietal pleura.
11. The lungs are covered with visceral pleura and attached to the mediastinum by their roots. The hilum is a depression near the middle of the mediastinal surface.
12. The left main bronchus is longer and narrower than the right, passes under the aortic arch, and gives no branches before entering the lung. It does not pass anterior to the esophagus.
13. The right main bronchus is wider, more vertical, and branches before entering the lung. It begins at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra, not the sixth.
14. The pleura is supplied by intercostal nerves around the periphery of the diaphragm and the costal pleura. The mediastinal pleura is not supplied by the vagus nerve.
15. Costodiaphragmatic recesses are spaces between the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae that expand during inspiration. They are not normally separated by pus.
Previous Exam Questions (25 questions)
1. The broncho-pulmonary segments are anatomical divisions of the lung that are pyramidal in shape and serve as structural units. Each segment is supplied by its own segmental bronchus, segmental artery, lymphatic vessels, and autonomic nerves, allowing for surgical removal of a diseased segment without affecting adjacent segments. However, they are not surrounded by parietal pleura, as the pleura is a lining that covers the entire lung surface and thoracic cavity.
2. The right main bronchus is more vertical and wider than the left bronchus, which is why foreign bodies are more likely to lodge in it. It starts at the level of the 6th thoracic vertebra and gives off the right upper lobar bronchus before entering the lung. This anatomical orientation facilitates aspiration into the right lung.
3. The cervical pleura is the part of the parietal pleura that extends into the neck and lines the under surface of the suprapleural membrane. It is related to the neck of the first rib posteriorly and is not supplied by the vagus nerve, which primarily innervates the visceral pleura.
4. The phrenic nerves primarily supply the diaphragm and also provide sensory innervation to the peritoneum covering the central region of the diaphragm's under surface, the parietal pleura covering the central part of the upper diaphragm surface, and the parietal pericardium. However, they do not supply the visceral pleura, which is innervated by the autonomic nerves.
5. The middle mediastinum contains the heart enclosed within the pericardium. The trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, and thoracic duct are located in other parts of the mediastinum, such as the superior or posterior mediastinum.
6. The right lung is composed of three lobes, separated by two fissures, and contains 10 bronchopulmonary segments. It differs from the left lung, which has a cardiac notch and a lingula.
7. The right phrenic nerve descends along the right side of the right brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava, and inferior vena cava to the diaphragm. It passes in front of the root of the right lung and runs along the right side of the pericardium, separated from the right atrium. However, its terminal branches do not pass through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm.
8. The nerve supply of the lungs involves the pulmonary plexuses at the root of each lung, composed of afferent and efferent autonomic nerve fibers from both the sympathetic trunk and parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve. The efferents of the sympathetic system are responsible for bronchodilation and vasoconstriction, while sensation of pain is primarily mediated by afferents of the sympathetic system.
9. The right lung is anatomically related to the superior vena cava, which is situated anteriorly. It does not have a cardiac notch or lingula, which are features of the left lung.
10. The cervical pleura extends into the neck, lines the under surface of the suprapleural membrane, and is posteriorly related to the neck of the first rib. It is not supplied by the pulmonary nerve plexus, which provides innervation to the lungs.
11. The mediastinal surface of the right lung is related to structures such as the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, right atrium, and azygos vein. It is not related to the arch of aorta, which is associated with the left lung.
12. The root of the right lung includes the eparterial bronchus, two pulmonary veins, one pulmonary artery, and two bronchial arteries. The arrangement allows for efficient transport of air and blood to and from the lung.
13. The boundaries of the mediastinum are superiorly the thoracic inlet and root of the neck, inferiorly the diaphragm, anteriorly the sternum, and laterally the pleura covering the lungs. The 12 ribs and their costal cartilages are not considered lateral boundaries.
14. The right lung is related to the superior vena cava, which is located anteriorly. It does not have a cardiac notch or lingula, which are features of the left lung.
15. The middle mediastinum is occupied by structures such as the heart within the pericardium and the pulmonary trunk. Other structures like the thymus, descending thoracic aorta, and trachea are located in different parts of the mediastinum.
16. The lungs receive their blood supply from the bronchial arteries, which branch off the aorta, while the pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
17. The mediastinal pleura is supplied by the phrenic nerve, which provides sensory innervation to the central part of the diaphragm as well as the mediastinal pleura. This nerve is crucial for diaphragm functioning since it transmits motor signals for diaphragm contraction during breathing.
18. The main structure that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity is the diaphragm, which is a dome-shaped muscle that plays a significant role in respiration by contracting and flattening to increase thoracic volume during inspiration.
19. The space between the two pleural layers is called the pleural cavity, which is filled with pleural fluid. This fluid lubricates the pleural surfaces and facilitates smooth gliding during respiratory movements, preventing friction between the lungs and thoracic wall.
20. The nerve supply of the lungs is provided by the pulmonary plexus, which consists of parasympathetic fibers from the vagus nerve and sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic trunk. The parasympathetic fibers cause bronchoconstriction and increased secretion of bronchial glands, while the sympathetic fibers lead to bronchodilation and vasoconstriction.
21. The left lung has a cardiac notch on its medial surface, where the heart indents the lung. This anatomical feature allows the heart to fit more comfortably within the thoracic cavity, particularly accommodating the left ventricle.
22. The blood supply to the lungs comes from the pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation, while oxygenated blood is supplied by the bronchial arteries, which nourish the lung tissue itself.
23. The lungs are surrounded by two layers of pleura: the outer parietal pleura and the inner visceral pleura. The parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity, and the visceral pleura covers the lung surface. These layers form the pleural cavity in between, aiding in lung expansion during breathing.
24. The bronchopulmonary segments in the lower lobe of the left lung include the superior segment, anteromedial basal segment (a merger of anterior basal and medial basal), posterior basal segment, and lateral basal segment. These segments are functionally independent units each supplied with its own bronchus and artery, enabling surgical resection of diseased segments without affecting others.
25. The arrangement of structures in the hilum of the right lung includes a principal bronchus, the eparterial and hyparterial bronchus, one pulmonary artery, two pulmonary veins (superior and inferior), bronchial arteries, bronchial veins, anterior and posterior pulmonary nerve plexuses, and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes. This complex arrangement allows for efficient air and blood flow, lymph drainage, and nerve supply to and from the lung.
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**The Anatomy and Physiology of the Lungs: A Comprehensive Study Guide** **Introduction to Lung Anatomy** The **lungs** are essential respiratory organs located within the thoracic cavity, on either side of the mediastinum. They are soft, spongy, and remarkably elastic, facilitating efficient gas e...
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What is the relationship of the cervical pleura?
The cervical pleura involves the parietal pleura extending into the neck, lining...
What are the lungs and where are they located?
The lungs are organs of respiration located within the thoracic cavity. They are...
Describe the anatomy of the right phrenic nerve.
The right phrenic nerve descends along the right side of the right brachiocephal...
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