RRS | Lecture 4
RRS | Lecture 4
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Quiz Questions (19 questions)
1. The parietal pleura consists of different parts including the mediastinal, diaphragmatic, cervical, and costal pleura. However, the suprapleural membrane is not a part of the parietal pleura.
2. The cervical pleura is part of the parietal pleura, lining the under surface of the suprapleural membrane, extending into the neck, and is related posteriorly to the neck of the first rib. It is not supplied by autonomic nerves.
3. The mediastinal surface of the right lung is related to structures such as the inferior vena cava, azygos vein, right atrium, and superior vena cava. The arch of the aorta is not related to the mediastinal surface of the right lung.
4. The superior mediastinum contains structures such as the thymus, oesophagus, trachea, and aortic arch. However, the pulmonary arteries do not occupy the superior mediastinum.
5. The middle mediastinum contains the heart, ascending aorta, pericardium, and pulmonary arteries. The pleurae do not occupy the middle mediastinum.
6. The posterior mediastinum contains structures like the thoracic duct, vena azygos, descending aorta, and oesophagus. Pulmonary veins are not part of the posterior mediastinum.
7. The mediastinum, the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, contains many structures such as the pericardium with the heart, trachea, vagus nerves, and phrenic nerves. However, the lungs are located outside the mediastinum.
8. Branches of the phrenic nerves provide motor innervation to the diaphragm and sensory innervation to the parietal pericardium, peritoneum covering the diaphragm, and parietal pleura. They do not supply the visceral pleura.
9. The right phrenic nerve passes in front of the root of the right lung, descends on the right side of the inferior vena cava to the diaphragm, runs along the right side of the pericardium, and descends alongside the right brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava. Its terminal branches do not pass through the oesophageal opening in the diaphragm.
10. The most superficial structure in the superior mediastinum is the thymus gland, lying anterior to other structures such as the left brachiocephalic vein, vagus nerve, aortic arch, and brachiocephalic trunk.
11. At the level of the sternal angle, notable structures include the formation of the superior vena cava and the bifurcation of the trachea, not the aortic valve or bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk.
12. The nervous supply of the lungs includes autonomic nerve fibers forming pulmonary plexuses at the root of each lung. Sympathetic efferents cause bronchodilation and vasoconstriction, while afferents do not mediate pain sensation.
13. The lymphatic drainage of the lungs involves superficial and deep lymph plexuses, with lymph draining into tracheo-bronchial nodes. The origin of the plexuses is not from superficial and deep plexuses.
14. The arterial supply to the lungs includes bronchial arteries, which supply the bronchi and connective tissue but not the parietal pleura. The right bronchial artery may arise from the upper left bronchial artery, and the left bronchial arteries arise from the descending thoracic aorta.
15. The lung is covered with visceral pleura, suspended in its pleural cavity, and becomes mottled with age due to inhaled particles. It is attached to the mediastinum only by its root. The hilum is not located in the middle of the costal surface.
16. Each lung has distinct features such as an anterior border that is thin, a mediastinal surface that is concave, a base that is concave and rests on the diaphragm, and a convex costal surface. The airways divide multiple times before reaching the alveoli.
17. The nerve supply of the pleura involves the costal pleura being innervated by intercostal nerves, the diaphragmatic pleura by phrenic and intercostal nerves, and the visceral pleura by autonomic nerves from the pulmonary plexuses. The mediastinal pleura is not innervated by the vagus nerve.
18. The costodiaphragmatic recesses are spaces between the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae, into which the lungs move during inhalation. Normally, they are not separated by pus, and during exhalation, the pleurae come together.
19. The pleura includes the pulmonary ligament, which allows movement of pulmonary vessels and bronchi. Pleural fluid covers the pleura surfaces, facilitating movement with minimal friction. The fluid is not a type of synovial fluid.
Previous Exam Questions (16 questions)
1. The cervical pleura extends into the neck, lines the under surface of the suprapleural membrane, and is related to the neck of the first rib posteriorly. It is part of the parietal pleura, a membrane that lines the thoracic cavity. However, it is not supplied by the vagus nerve, which primarily innervates structures involved in the parasympathetic nervous system.
2. The phrenic nerve supplies the muscle of the diaphragm, the peritoneum covering the central region of the under surface of the diaphragm, the parietal pleura covering the central part of the upper surface of the diaphragm, and the parietal pericardium. However, it does not supply the visceral pleura, which is innervated by autonomic nerves.
3. The middle mediastinum contains the pericardium with the heart. This area is crucial for housing the heart and its associated major vessels. Structures like the trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, and thoracic duct are located in other compartments of the mediastinum.
4. The right phrenic nerve descends along the right side of the right brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava, passes in front of the root of the right lung, and runs along the right side of the pericardium, separating it from the right atrium. However, its terminal branches do not pass through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm; they pass through the caval opening.
5. The middle mediastinum is occupied by the pulmonary trunk. This is the major vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. Other structures like the descending thoracic aorta, thymus, and trachea are located in different parts of the mediastinum.
6. The cervical pleura extends into the neck, lines the under surface of the suprapleural membrane, and is related to the neck of the first rib posteriorly. It is not supplied by the pulmonary nerve plexus, which primarily innervates the lungs and associated structures.
7. The mediastinal surface of the right lung is related to the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, right atrium, and azygos vein. However, it is not related to the arch of the aorta, which is more associated with the left lung and heart.
8. The boundaries of the mediastinum are superiorly by the thoracic inlet and root of the neck, inferiorly by the diaphragm, and anteriorly by the sternum. However, laterally it is not bounded by the 12 ribs and their costal cartilages; instead, it is bordered by the pleura and lungs.
9. The right lung is related to the superior vena cava and aortic arch. It does not have a cardiac notch, which is a feature of the left lung to accommodate the heart, and it does not have a lingula, which is also a feature of the left lung.
10. The middle mediastinum is occupied by the pulmonary trunk. This structure is crucial for circulating blood from the heart to the lungs. Other structures like the thymus, descending thoracic aorta, and trachea are located in different parts of the mediastinum.
11. The mediastinal pleura is supplied by the phrenic nerve, which is responsible for providing sensory innervation to the central part of the diaphragm and pleura, playing a critical role in respiratory mechanics and sensations of pain or discomfort.
12. The main structure that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity is the diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle that contracts and flattens during inhalation, increasing thoracic volume and aiding in breathing.
13. The space between the two pleural layers is called the pleural cavity, which is filled with pleural fluid. This fluid acts as a lubricant, allowing the lungs to glide smoothly against the thoracic wall during respiration, and also creates surface tension that helps keep the lungs expanded.
14. The lungs are surrounded by two layers of pleura: the outer parietal pleura and the inner visceral pleura. The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall, while the visceral pleura covers the lung surface, both forming a protective and frictionless interface for lung movement.
15. The bronchopulmonary segments in the lower lobe of the left lung include the superior segment, the anteromedial basal segment (a merger of the anterior basal and medial basal segments), the posterior basal segment, and the lateral basal segment, each receiving air and blood supply independently, which is crucial for surgical resection purposes.
16. The arrangement of structures in the hilum of the right lung includes a principal bronchus, which serves as the main airway passage, the eparterial and hyparterial bronchus, one pulmonary artery, two pulmonary veins (superior and inferior), bronchial arteries and veins, anterior and posterior pulmonary nerve plexuses, and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes, all coordinating to manage airflow, blood supply, and lymphatic drainage efficiently.
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**Thoracic Cavity and Mediastinal Anatomy** Understanding the anatomy of the **thoracic cavity** is fundamental for medical students, particularly as it relates to the **mediastinum**, **pleura**, and **diaphragm**. This chapter will provide a comprehensive exploration of these structures, integrat...
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What is the mediastinum?
The mediastinum is a movable central partition that separates the two laterally...
Which structure is not part of the parietal pleura?
The suprapleural membrane is not part of the parietal pleura.
What is the main function of the visceral pleura?
The visceral pleura covers the lung surfaces and extends into the fissures betwe...
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